The Reading Corner
The Birth of the Samurai ~ The Development of a Warrior Elite in Early Japanese Society.
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Japanese samurai swords were worn by warriors of the ruling elite during the middle ages right up to the modern era and acted as much as status symbols as they did weapons. They often came as a set of two, a katana which is the longer of the pair and was used to fight with and the wakizashi, a shorter sword mainly used as a backup weapon, for seppuku (ritual suicide) and for decapitating defeated enemies on the battle field in order to present the head to a warlord.
Up to around the turn of the 8th century, Japanese warriors used Chinese style swords which were sharp but prone to break during battle. This highlights a problem that has been faced by sword-smiths all over the world and throughout the ages; they could make a sword sharp but it would be brittle and easily snap, or they could make it tough and pliable but it would be relatively blunt.
The Beginning of Samurai Sword History
According to legend, samurai sword history began when a master smith named Amakuni noticed that the swords he made were snapping a lot during combat. He set about to solve this problem through a process of praying for inspiration and the use of trial and error, eventually realising that the secret lies in the cooling part of the sword making process.Once the weapon has been hammered into shape, Amakuni discovered that if he covered the top of the blade with clay, the bottom edge would cool at a quicker rate making it possible to make it very sharp.
The covered side would then become more flexible as a result of the slower cooling applied to it, making for a sharp, tough and flexible blade that was very difficult to break. The new type of sword became known as a tachi and was the predecessor to the very similar katana.
The Spiritual and Artistic Nature of the Samurai Sword
The success of an individual sword would be attributed to both great mastery by the sword-smith who crafted it, and to supernatural forces. When a new sword was made, a ritualistic process would take place with the smith often being blessed and purified by a priest beforehand. According to Inazo Nitobe who wrote about the samurai in the early 20th century;“The sword-smith was not a mere artisan but an inspired artist and his workshop a sanctuary. Daily, he commenced his craft with prayer and purification, or, as the phrase was, ‘he committed his soul and spirit into the forging and tempering of the steel’.”Great attention to detail was given not only to making the blade just right, but making other parts of the weapon such as the hilt, hand guard and scabbard works of art in their own right.
They were often hand crafted with depictions of Japanese mythology and made from precious materials such as ivory along with gold and silver embedded onto them to enhance the elaborate decoration.
Testing the Weapons
Once complete, the sword would need to be tested to be sure it was worthy of being used on the battle field. The last thing a katana wielder needed was to find out his weapon was sub-standard when his life was depending on it so there were various methods applied to check it beforehand.The main test was to cut through rushes bundled around a bamboo core as this was considered to give the same resistance as a human body. However other methods of testing the weapons were also employed, for example it was not uncommon to try the sword out on a corpse to be sure it could easily slice through bone or even on a criminal that had been sentenced to death.
This might have been an acceptable form of execution for many prisoners, as an ancient Japanese proverb states that; “Nothing can set honour so right as the cut of a sword”.
The Continuation of Samurai Sword History
After the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877, the Japanese government banned many aspects of samurai life but got the best swordsmen they could find to teach the newly formed police force how to use the weapons. This was the first time the country had a unified system of sword fighting and was the beginning of the art of modern kendo.Through this discipline the techniques developed over around a thousand years of samurai sword history are preserved, along with many of the spiritual and ethic aspects that went along with learning how to wield a katana and a wakizashi.
Further Reading
A Brief Overview of Samurai Sword History. [Internet]. 2005. The Sword Buyer’s Guide. Available from: http://www.sword-buyers-guide.com/samurai-sword-history.html [Accessed on May 21, 2013].Cohen, R. 2002. By the Sword. New York. The Modern Library. Cook, H. 1993.
McIntyre, K.J. 2000. [Video Documentary]. Soul of the Samurai. Live Art Television. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbFPlAHW0nU [Accessed May 21, 2013].
Renius, A. [Internet]. 2009. The Samurai Sword. Socyberty. Available from: http://socyberty.com/history/the-samurai-sword/ [Accessed on May 21, 2013].
Turnbull, S. R. 1987. Fourth Edition. Samurai – A Military history. London. Osprey.
