The Reading Corner
The Birth of the Samurai ~ The Development of a Warrior Elite in Early Japanese Society.
Yoshitsune Minamoto (1159 – 1189) was a legendary samurai warrior from the Heian Period who was instrumental in bringing an end to the rule of the Taira Clan and helping his brother, Yoritomo, become the most powerful man in the country.The problems can be said to have started for the Taira when their leader, Kiyomuri Taira, crushed a rebellion by Yoshitsune’s father Yoshitomo Minamoto in 1160 and executed him.
Unusually, the children of the defeated traitor were allowed to live and the infant Yoshitsune was sent to a monastery on Kuramayama Mountain north of Kyoto to be raised as a trainee monk. However by the time he was eleven years old, the youngster had no intention of becoming a holy man and swore to take revenge for his father’s death.
The Rise of Yoshitsune Minamoto
Yoshitsune studied any available text on martial arts he could find, including Sun Tzu’s Art of War and practiced his fighting skills as often as possible, (even though this meant neglecting his religious studies much to the annoyance of the monks responsible for raising him).By the time he was fifteen years old, the young samurai was an expert fighter and left the monastery in order to begin exacting his revenge on Kiyomuri, honing his skills on his travels by fighting bandits and Taira soldiers at any given opportunity. It was during this time he met up with his first loyal retainer, a warrior monk by the name of Benkei who would fight alongside Yoshitsune and become his most trusted friend.
Meanwhile, Yoritomo, Yoshitsune’s brother and heir to the Minamoto holdings had worked his way into a position where he could begin to take his own revenge for their father’s death. Despite being raised by the Taira, he had never forgiven Kiyomuri and by 1180 had amassed forces against him, making his brother one of his trusted generals soon after. This signalled the beginning of the Genpei War and the beginning of the end of the Taira Clan’s hold on power in Japan.
Yoshitsune in the Genpei War
In 1184, Yoritomo sent Yoshitsune to fight their cousin, Yoshinaka, who after winning one of the most decisive victories of the war for the Minamoto Clan a year earlier at the Battle of Kurikara, wanted to assume leadership of the clan for himself. Yoshinaka’s forces were defeated in the ensuing battle and he was forced to flee with a small band of followers that included one of the few examples of a female samurai, Tomoe Gozen.However, they were soon tracked down and defeated which resulted in Yoshinaka being made to commit seppuku. Yoshitsune went on to become one of the most prolific generals of the Minamoto campaign, earning numerous victories over the Taira Clan and pushing deep into their territory.
Any real threat the Taira held over the Minamoto Clan came to an end in 1185 when the eight year old Emperor, Antoku, was forced to flee to waiting ships after Yoshitsune attacked his stronghold with just a hundred men. This led to a naval fight known as the Battle of Dan no Ura a few days later which at first seemed to be going in favour of the Taira.
However, when one of their generals defected and revealed which ship held the emperor, the fortunes of Yoshitsune and his men turned and they gained the upper hand. Realising all was lost, Antoku’s grandmother took him into her arms, said a prayer and jumped into the sea; neither were ever seen again.
Of the remaining Taira forces, most of those that had not already been killed in the battle followed their emperor into the sea in an act of mass suicide that illustrates the level of loyalty lower ranking samurai warriors felt towards their Imperial leader, even though by this time the position was little more than a ceremonial one.
By now, the clan leader was Munenuri Taira and in an act that showed that Shoguns did not always live up to their own codes of honour, he refused to follow the Emperor and his men into the sea. However, he was promptly pushed in and despite trying to swim to safety, was later captured and killed. The Taira never recovered from the losses of that day and afterwards, their dominance was all but over.
The Fall of Yoshitsune Minamoto
Soon after the Battle of Dan no Ura, Yoritomo turned on Yoshitsune though the actual reason for this is unclear. Some contemporary sources state that he had become rebellious as a result of not receiving the honours and titles he felt he had earned through the victories he had won in the Genpei War.Others believed Yoshitsune was loyal to his brother right up until the end of his life and was just a victim of Yoritomo’s suspicious nature and overwhelming ambitions, which led him to eliminate any possible threat to his leadership, whether real or imagined. In a letter to one of his brother’s chief ministers, Yoshitsune complained;
“I became the object of the most damning slanders, in consequence of which my great exploits have been ignored. I, Yoshitsune, though innocent of all offences, have incurred blame; though worthy of honour and guilty of no mistake, I have fallen into his Lordship’s disfavour....My armour and helmet were my pillow; my bow and arrows were my trade….Realising that only through the help of the Buddhas and the gods could I hope that my appeal might succeed, I inscribed oaths on talismans of various temples and shrines, swearing by the gods of the great and small shrines in Japan and by the spirits of the underworld that I never for a moment harboured any evil ambitions; and all these pledges of loyalty I submit yet I receive no pardon”.Despite his attempts to prove his loyalty, Yoshitsune had to go into hiding when in 1189, his brother sent men out to hunt him down. He and a small band of followers took refuge with a warlord named Mustsu Fujiwara, but when he died in the same year, his heir Yasuhire turned on his guests in a bid to win favour with Yoritomo.
Heavily outnumbered, Yasuhire and his men slaughtered their opponents until the only two men left standing were Yoshitsune and his faithful companion Benkei. When all was lost, Yoshitsune retired to his house however unwilling to give in, Benkei charged the enemy one last time.
The monk was surrounded but despite the fact that he had a multitude of arrows protruding from his armour, no one dared to approach until eventually, they realised he was already dead. When Benkei finally fell, Yoshitsune killed his own wife and children to prevent them having the dishonour of being captured; he then turned his blade on himself and committed seppuku.
His pregnant mistress was however captured and while she was allowed to live, her baby was killed just after birth to prevent any chance of a vengeful heir coming after Yoritomo in years to come, as he and Yoshitsune had once done themselves.
Further Reading
Cook, H. 1993. Samurai – The Story of a Warrior Tradition. London. Blandford Press.Henshall, K. 2004. Second Edition. A History of Japan – From Stone Age to Super Power. Hampshire. MacMillan Press.
Minamoto Yoshitsune. [Internet]. 2013. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383453/Minamoto-Yoshitsune [Accessed November 4, 2013].
Seal, F.W. [Internet]. 2012. Minamoto Yoshitsune 1159-1189. Samurai Archives. Available from: http://www.samurai-archives.com/yoshitsune.html [Accessed November 04, 2013].
Totman, C. 2005. Second Edition. A History of Japan. Cornwall. Blackwell Publishing.
